Assertion Reason Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology- Principles and Processes
Questions of Assertion Reason Chapter 9 Biotechnology- Principles and Processes biology CBSE Class 12 are very simple to understand as this chapter deals with Biotechnology Principles and Processes. To solve assertion reason type questions of biology, deeper understanding of concept about Biotechnology Principles and Processes is required. In order to help the student in solving Assertion Reason type of questions, detailed process is explained.
How to solve Assertion Reason Type Questions?
In Assertion-Reason type of question, two statements are given, first is Assertion and second is called Reason. Student must have to think critically about both the statements in Assertion Reason Questions, since it combines multiple choice questions and true/false type of questions which requires a higher level of understanding.
How many types are there of Assertion Reason Type Questions?
Assertion-Reason type of questions can be asked either with four MCQ options or with five MCQ options. First four options are same in both the cases only one more options is being provided i.e. last one. One extra option increases the difficulty level of the questions.
In assertion reason type of questions, all 4 or 5 options are same for each question, which are as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(e) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Then a question haunts in every student’s mind, which option is correct and when?
This can be understood clearly with the following table:
| Assertion (A) | Reason (R) | MCQ Options (Fixed for all questions) |
|---|---|---|
| If True | True | (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A). |
| If True | True | (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A). |
| If True | False | (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. |
| If False | True | (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. |
| If False | False | (e) Both Assertion and Reason are false. |
Now, lets practice some Assertion Reason Questions of Biology : Chapter 9 Biotechnology- Principles and Processes.
Read instructions carefully before answering the questions.
For question given below, two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Question.1.
Assertion: Restriction enzymes recognize palindromic sequence.
Reason: Palindromic sequences read same in both directions of the two strands.
Ans.1. (b)
The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading strand is kept same. Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the centre of the palindrome sites, but between the same two bases on opposite strands.
Question.2.
Assertion: Restriction enzymes Hind II and Hpa are produced from two different genera of bacteria.
Reason: Hind II is produced from Haemophilus while Hpa is produce from Hematococcus.
Ans.2. (d)
In nomenclature of restriction enzymes, the first letter of the name of the genus in which given enzyme is discovered is written first in capital. It is followed by the first two letters of species name of the organism and these three letters are generally written in italics. Hind II and Hpa, both are produced from a single genus Haemophilus but from two different species i.e., H. influenzae and H. parainfluenza respectively.
Question.3.
Assertion: Restriction enzymes of different organisms that recognize the identical sequences are called isoschizomers.
Reason: They are present only in eukaryotes.
Ans.3. (c)
Isoschizomer are pairs of restriction enzymes specific to the same recognition sequence. e.g., SphI (CGTAC/G) and BbuI (CGTAC/G) are isoschizomers of each other. These are isolated from different strains of bacteria.
Question.4.
Assertion: Restriction digestion is a process of cutting DNA by restriction enzyme.
Reason: DNA ligase joins two DNAs.
Ans.4. (b)
DNA ligase joins complementary sticky ends to two DNAs.
Question.5.
Assertion: Restriction endonucleases are also called ‘molecular scissors’.
Reason: When fragments generated by restriction endonucleases are mixed, they join together due to their sticky ends.
Ans.5. (b)
Restriction endonuclease are molecular scissors, which cut a DNA molecule within certain specific site called restriction site. Common restriction endonucleases are Eco RI, Bam II, Hind III, etc.
Question.6.
Assertion: A bacterial cell with no restriction enzymes will be easily infected and lysed by bacteriophages.
Reason: Restriciton enymes catalyse synthesis of protective coat around bacterial cell that prevents bacteriophage attack.
Ans.6. (d)
Restriction enzymes were named due to the phenomenon of host restriction of bacterial phages. Restriction enzymes produced in a bacterial cell, recognize and cleave foreign DNA introduced (such as from bacteriophage) into the cell. Thus, bacterial cell cannot be infected and lysed by bacteriophage and hence a bacterial cell lacking restriction enzymes is easily susceptible to infection of phages.The DNA of the host bacterial cell is protected from its own restriction endonucleases by methylation (usually of A and C) within their recognition sites.
Question.7.
Assertion: Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA to produce sticky ends.
Reason: Stickiness of the ends facilitates the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase.
Ans.7. (c)
Restriction enzyme, a type of endonuclease, functions by “inspecting” the length of a DNA sequence. Once it finds a recognition sequence, it binds and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific point leaving single stranded portions at the ends. This results in overhanging stretches called sticky ends. These are named so because they form hydrogen bonds with their complementary counter parts i.e., they can join similar complementary ends of DNA fragment from some other source with the help of DNA ligase. This stickness of the ends facilitates the action of the enzyme DNA ligase, not DNA polymerase.
Question.8.
Assertion: The matrix used in gel electrophoresis should have controllable pore size.
Reason: Agarose concentration can be changed to change pore sizes.
Ans.8. (b)
Agarose is a polysccharide obtained from red algae. Agarose dissolves in hot water and when it is cooled, it forms gel. Pore size depends upon agarose concentration. In general, a 1% (w/v) gel will have a pore size of 150 nm. While a 0.16% gel has pore size of 500 nm.
Question.9.
Assertion: Foreign DNA and vector DNA cut with the help of ligase.
Reason: Ligase act on sugar phosphate backbone of DNA.
Ans.9. (d)
In formation of rDNA, restriction endonucleases cut both foreign DNA and vector DNA and act on sugar phosphate backbone of DNA.
Question.10.
Assertion: In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated.
Reason: DNA is negatively charged, so it moves towards anode under electric field.
Ans.10. (a)
DNA fragments can be isolated with the help of gel electrophoresis, where DNA moves towards the anode (+vely charged).
Question.11.
Assertion: All endonuclease cut DNA at specific sites.
Reason: Endonucleases are found in viruses.
Ans.11. (d)
Restriction endonuclease is a type of endonuclease which cut DNA at specific sites, not all endonuclease cut DNA at specific sites. These are not found in virus. There were discovered from bacteria.
Question.12.
Assertion: Genetic engineering requires both nucleases and ligases.
Reason: Ligases produce the nick in the recombinant DNA molecule.
Ans.12. (c)
Nucleases are the enzymes that remove nucleotides or produce nick in the DNA strand. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the free ends of DNA while endonucleases produce internal nick in DNA. Now, the desired gene is inserted and the cut ends are sealed with the help of DNA ligase. Ligases are also called molecular glue as they join together two strands by forming phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides.
Question.13.
Assertion: Enzyme application in industry is enhanced by its immobilization.
Reason: Immobilization provides protection to enzymes without affecting their activity.
Ans.13. (a)
An immobilized enzymes is physically entrapped or covalently bonded by chemical means to an inert and usually insoluble matrix, where it can act upon its natural substrate. The matrix is usually a high molecular weight polymer such as polyacrylamide, cellulose, starch, glass, beads, etc. Because of its binding with a matrix the immobilized enzyme has better stability in many cases. Efficiency of immobilized enzyme is better. The enzyme can be recovered at the end of the reaction and can be used repeatedly.
Question.14.
Assertion: The uptake of DNA during transformation is an active, energy requiring process.
Reason: Transformation occurs in only those bacteria, which possess the enzymatic machinery involved in the active uptake and recombination.
Ans.14. (a)
Transformation does not involve passive entry of DNA molecules through permeable cell walls and membranes. It does not occur ‘naturally’ in all species of bacteria, only in those species possessing the enzymatic machinery involved in the active uptake and recombination processes. Even in these species, all cells in a given population are not capable of active uptake of DNA. Only competent cells, which possess a so called competence factor are capable of serving as recipients in transformation.
Question.15.
Assertion: In recombinant DNA technology, human genes are often transferred into bacteria (prokaryotes) or yeast (eukaryote).
Reason: Both bacteria and yeast multiply very fast to form huge population which express the desired gene.
Ans.15. (a)
Bacteria and yeast are easily grow in culture medium and multiply very fast so it is best for making the many copies of recombinant DNA, and express character of desired gene.