1. Arrange the following options in the correct sequence-

1. Press came to be made out of metal.
2. Offset press was developed.
3. Gutenberg perfected the system by olive press.
4. China first introduced hand- printing technology into Japan.

Option:

2. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized the spread of information in Europe. Which of the following were effects of the invention of the printing press?

1. Rapid spread of new ideas and knowledge
2. Growth of literacy and education
3. Decline in religious authority
4. Strengthening of monarchies

Options :

3. Which treaty, signed in 1815, aimed to restore monarchies in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat and establish a balance of power?

4. Consider the following statements:

Statement I: In a federal system, both the central and state governments have their own powers and responsibilities.
Statement II: In India, the central government can unilaterally abolish state governments without any constitutional provisions.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

5. Which one of the following option best signifies this picture?

6. Which of the following is a major reason for the decline of biodiversity in Indian forests?

7. Interpret the following pie diagram and choose the correct option for the following question?

What is the significance of the 43 percent land under net sown area?

8. Democracy promotes political equality and fairness. Which of the following are key outcomes of a democratic system?

1. Equal political participation for all citizens
2. Equal economic opportunities for all citizens
3. Protection of individual rights and freedoms
4. Economic growth at the expense of social justice

Options :

9. The process of globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology, especially in the fields of communication and _______.

10. Arrange the following happenings in the correct order-

1. Mahatma Gandhi launched the civil disobedience movement
2. First world war
3. Second world war
4. Establishment of G-77

Options :

11. Water is a crucial resource for human survival and economic activities. In India, several measures have been taken to manage water resources effectively. Consider the following statements about water conservation practices:

1. Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing rainwater for future use.
2. Check dams are constructed to slow down the flow of water and recharge groundwater.
3. Desalination plants convert seawater into potable water to meet drinking needs.
4. Over-extraction of groundwater has no impact on the water table levels.

12. Which sector of the Indian economy is primarily involved in the extraction and processing of raw materials, such as mining and agriculture?

13. India has adopted a federal system of government to accommodate diversity. Which of the following statements about Indian federalism are correct?

1. India is a Union of States.
2. States have autonomy in all matters.
3. Power-sharing between the Union and State governments is a basic feature of the Indian Constitution.
4. The power-sharing arrangement can be easily changed by the Union government.

Options :

14. Which of the following was a major reason for the expansion of international trade in the 19th century?

15. Which of the following best describes the term Gender Equality?

16. In the above picture of sorrien’s utopian vision, the saints, angle and Christ symbolise :

17. The Indian National Congress launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Which of the following were objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

1. Boycott of British goods
2. Surrender of government titles
3. Promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity
4. Acceptance of British reforms

Options :

18. Consider the following statements:

Statement I:- Democracy in India ensures the protection of individual rights and freedoms.
Statement II:- In a democracy, the government is not accountable to the people.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

19. Consider the following statements:

Statement I:- Development is a process that only involves economic growth.
Statement II:- Development includes improvements in the standard of living, education, and healthcare.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

20. Interpret the following pie diagram and choose the correct option for the following question?

Why does alluvial soil cover 35% of the total area?

21. Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Identify the correct statements related to Indian agriculture.

1. India is the largest producer of rice and wheat in the world.
2. The Green Revolution significantly increased agricultural productivity in the 1960s.
3. Agriculture in India is entirely dependent on monsoon rains.
4. Horticulture contributes minimally to India’s agricultural sector.

Options:

22. Match the following and choose the correct option.

23. Political parties play a crucial role in the functioning of a democracy. Which of the following are functions of political parties in a democracy?

1. Contest elections
2. Formulate policies and programs
3. Ensure military control over government
4. Provide a platform for public debate

Options :

24. Consider the following statements:

Statement I: Power sharing helps in preventing the concentration of power in one group.
Statement II: Power sharing is only applicable at the central level and not at the state level.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

25. Which of the following statements best defines federalism as practiced in India?

26. What is globalization, and how has it impacted the Indian economy?

27. Globalization refers to the increasing interconnection of economies worldwide. Which of the following are key features of globalization?

1. Increased trade between countries
2. Flow of capital and technology across borders
3. Isolation of domestic markets
4. Restricted movement of people across countries

Options :

28. The Napoleonic Code, introduced in 1804, had a significant impact on European legal systems. Which of the following statements about the Napoleonic Code are correct?

1. It did away with privileges based on birth.
2. It established equality before the law.
3. It restored the feudal system.
4. It simplified administrative divisions.

Options :

29. Read the data given below and answer the question:

Why does state Y have a higher rate of land degradation?

30. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and _______ per capita, which is used to rank countries by their level of human development.

31. Which of the following best describes the concept of power sharing in a democratic system of governance?

32. The Indian Constitution provides equality before the law and prohibits discrimination on the basis of _______, caste, religion, or place of birth.

33. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order :

1. Coming of Simon Commission to India
2. Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC.
3. Government of India Act, 1919
4. Champaran Satyagraha

Choose the correct option :

34. Consider the following statements:

Statement I: The primary sector includes activities like agriculture, mining, and fishing.
Statement II: The tertiary sector is involved in manufacturing goods.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

35. Belgium is known for its power-sharing model. Which of the following are key features of the power-sharing arrangement in Belgium?

1. Equal representation of Dutch and French-speaking communities in the central government.
2. Special laws require the support of the majority of each linguistic group.
3. Power is concentrated in the hands of the majority community.
4. Community government exists for cultural, educational, and language-related matters.

Options :

36. How do banks create money through the lending process in India’s financial system?

37. Which of the following is a common method used for rainwater harvesting to conserve water in rural areas of India?

38. How does democracy contribute to the social development of a country like India?

39. Money plays a crucial role in the economy by facilitating transactions. Which of the following are functions of money in an economy?

1. Medium of exchange
2. Store of value
3. Measure of income
4. Unit of account

Options :

40. India has a multi-party system, providing voters with a wide range of choices. Which of the following statements about political party systems are correct?

1. A two-party system limits voter choice.
2. A multi-party system encourages coalition governments.
3. A one-party system is more democratic than a multi-party system.
4. A multi-party system provides more representation to diverse groups

Options :

41. Which resource is renewable and can be replenished over a relatively short period of time through natural processes?

42. The power-sharing model of _______ is considered one of the most complex, involving equal representation of both Dutch and French-speaking communities.

43. What is one major advantage of a multi-party system in a democratic country like India?

44. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century had what significant impact on European society?

45. The Western Ghats are recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Analyze the following statements about the Western Ghats:

1. They are home to a vast number of endemic plant and animal species.
2. The Western Ghats stretch across eight Indian states from Gujarat to Tamil Nadu.
3. Deforestation and habitat destruction are major threats to their biodiversity.
4. The Western Ghats are primarily desert regions with sparse vegetation.

46. Indian society is divided into various social categories based on gender, religion, and caste. Which of the following statements about gender inequality in India are correct?

1. Women have equal representation in parliament.
2. Women are paid less than men for the same work.
3. Girls are often not encouraged to pursue higher education.
4. Women are over-represented in decision-making bodies.

Options :

47. What is Caste Discrimination, and why is it considered a major social issue in India?

48. Match Column - A with Column - B and choose the correct option:

Options:

49. Development has different meanings for different people. Which of the following best describes development for a rural farmer?

1. Access to modern agricultural tools
2. A high salary in an urban job
3. Better education for their children
4. Owning a large piece of farmland

Options :

50. In India, the distribution of powers between the Union and State governments is outlined in the _______ of the Indian Constitution.